2008年,欧盟委员会调查了大型垂直一体化电力公司E.ON,指控其通过战略性地扣留发电能力滥用联合主导地位。在E.ON同意剥离5000兆瓦的发电能力及其超高压网络后,该案件得到了解决。我们分析了这些资产剥离对德国批发电价的影响。我们的识别策略是基于这样一个观察结果,即在需求旺盛的高峰期,能源供应商拥有更大的市场力量。因此,市场力量的下降应该导致高峰和非高峰价格之间的趋同。使用2006-2012年期间的每日电价,并控制成本和需求驱动因素,我们发现,在委员会决定实施后,在经济和统计上具有显著的趋同效应。此外,价格下降似乎主要是由于天然气和煤电厂的剥离,这与择优顺序的考虑一致。安慰剂回归支持对我们结果的因果解释。
The EU Commission has recently published a new proposal to amend its novel foods regulation in December 2013. This is the second proposal for reforming the current EU novel foods regulation (1997).It seeks to address issues related to the scope of the regulation concerning new biotechnological developments such as cloning, but more importantly to respond to concerns regarding barriers faced by traditional foods exports from developing countries.The new EU Commission proposal (2013) contains a simplified and faster procedure for market authorization of traditional foods from third countries. Although the new proposal does not address all concerns expressed by biodiversity-rich countries and BioTrade organizations over the last 15 years, it is a clear step forward in the right direction. For instance, it suggests a much better and commensurate process for the marketing approval of traditional foods and biodiversity-based products than the current status quo under the 1997 EU novel food regulation. A preliminary overview of the process suggested in the new proposal and its implications is presented in this paper.
在这项研究中,我们首先分析了27个欧洲国家的乘用车关税。欧洲各地对与汽车注册、所有权和使用相关的税费的评估各不相同,其税率差异很大。我们发现,各国对特定类型汽车征收的年度税相差多达四倍,而征收的各种税在整个汽车相关税收负担中所占的份额极为不同,并导致征收的税收中固定和可变成分的比例非常不同。鉴于税收制度对市场和竞争条件的重要性,欧盟委员会正在寻求实现各种制度的相互协调。委员会还建议在评估车辆相关税收时更加重视环境标准。实际上,在一些国家,登记税是购置新车的一大负担;这一因素降低了市场透明度,可能意味着要征收两次税。只有在少数国家的税收计划中才考虑到燃料消耗,而且只是在很小的程度上。因此,有必要修改和简化欧洲的税收制度,因为交通部门对气候保护的贡献更大至关重要,而且机动车辆会损害当地的空气质量。在这种情况下,应重新平衡乘用车各种收费的总体结构,二氧化碳排放不是唯一的重点。