该文件有助于在几个经合组织经济体最近的举措背景下重新展开关于工业政策的辩论。它讨论了以环境、国家安全和基于地方/包容性目标为动机的产业政策的利弊。本文还考虑了实施和设计问题，以及如何应对其他国家的产业政策。一些产业政策有充分的经济、社会和环境理由。然而，人们有理由担心，这种政策的好处可能有限，成本高昂。这主要涉及遏制国内和国际竞争的措施，以及设计和实施有效措施方面的实际和政治挑战。因此，尽管各国政府可能希望试验未来和以福利为导向的产业政策，但它们应该在范围上适度，在设计和实施方面谨慎行事，并注意可能产生的负面国际影响。
联邦应急管理局的拨款已用于收购和拆除易受洪水影响的房产，以帮助减少洪水破坏。减少损失应该会减少或降低联邦应急管理局管理的国家洪水保险计划的索赔成本。但此类房产的数量仍在不断增长，而且该计划仍然没有收取足够的保费来支付长期索赔
本文研究了地方政府是否可以通过公民个人的碳抵消来促进国际环境合作，特别是关注地方政府补贴的感知效应。这项社会调查是针对日本北九州市驾驶私人车辆的成年公民进行的，询问他们是否使用发展中国家假设的气候变化缓解项目产生的碳信用来支付抵消费用。采用了关于价格和补贴条件的随机分割样本分配。这项研究不仅证实了价格效应，还证实了感知效应，即公民因为地方政府提供补贴而选择碳抵消来抵消一吨驾驶产生的二氧化碳排放：补贴对在发展中国家有特定兴趣或经历的个人既有动机挤出的影响，也有挤出的影响
A shift to electric vehicles (EV) is seen as one of the main methods to decarbonise the transportation sector. However, issues have also been raised regarding charging infrastructure, EV reliability and range, as well as the battery environmental and social credentials. Notwithstanding governments, intergovernmental organisations, and research entities have ploughed ahead to promote this transition, but the challenge is the uptake and public acceptance. Grants and financial subsidies have been developed to facilitate this shift. Our study investigates the characteristics of the private EV household charger population using a regression model and spatial analysis to determine the influences of income, car ownership and economic status on EV take up rates. Data on the installation of EV household chargers are used in this paper as a proxy for EV ownership, due to data limitations. The results indicate that 1) urban areas are more likely to see higher concentrations of EV ownership, 2) an income and equity gap exists between those that have adapted electric mobility. This finding is very important because it suggests that lower income categories may have a financial barrier to shifting to EVs.
