Subbarayappa（为了保护身份而改名）和他的五口之家住在印度南部的Vollur小村庄。最近的城镇帕瓦加达距离酒店有35公里。Subbarayappa没有任何土地，他唯一的收入来源是日薪劳动，包括间歇性的农业和建筑工作。他很难在村里找到工作，必须经常去附近的城镇。
波兰国家环境保护和水资源管理基金将提供1600万波兰兹罗提，用于购买79辆电动汽车和一艘零排放电动船，并在波兰国家公园安装41个电动汽车充电点。该计划将于2022年和2023年实施，将支付高达90%的合格费用。
On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded, and oil spilled from the breached well-head for months, leading to an unprecedented environmental disaster with implications for behavioral health. Disasters are thought to affect behavioral health, and social capital is thought to ameliorate behavioral health impacts after disasters, though empirical evidence is mixed. One possible explanation for the discrepancy in findings relates to the activation of social capital in different contexts. In a disaster context, certain types of social capital may be more beneficial than others, and these relationships could differ between those directly affected by the disaster and those who are unaffected. The goal of this study is to assess the relationships between different forms of social capital (community engagement, trust, and social support) on different behavioral health indicators (depression, anxiety, and alcohol misuse) using data from the first wave of the Survey of Trauma, Resilience, and Opportunity among Neighborhoods in the Gulf (STRONG), a probabilistic household telephone survey fielded 6 years after the onset of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DHOS). We employ a structural equation modeling approach where multiple social capital and behavioral health variables can be included and their pathways tested in the same model, comparing the results between those who reported experiencing disruptions related to the DHOS and those who did not. Among those who experienced the DHOS, social support was negatively associated with both depression (ß = –0.085; p = 0.011) and anxiety (ß = –0.097; p = 0.003), and among those who did not experience the DHOS, social support was positively associated with alcohol misuse (ß = 0.067; p = 0.035). When controlling for the other social capital variables, social support was the only form of social capital with a significant relationship to behavioral health, and these relationships differ based on whether or not a person experienced the disaster. This suggests that social capital does not have a uniformly ameliorative relationship with behavioral health in the aftermath of disasters.
这是日本环境部委托的2021财年亚洲公园大会筹备支持项目的最终报告。基于2013年在仙台举行的第一届亚洲公园大会的成功，第二届亚洲公园会议（APC2）将于2022年5月24日至29日在马来西亚亚庇举行；该项目由五个部分组成：1）与教育部的会议；2） 在APC2上准备口头报告；3） 筹备第一工作组“基于自然的解决方案”；4） 关于参加和飞往APC2会场的支持和沟通；5） APC2在日本的公关。本报告提供了这些组成部分的产出，包括关于“第一届亚洲公园大会的成就”、“亚洲地区的生物多样性保护政策和战略”、“自然灾害和保护区以及GEJE灾难后的11年”的口头介绍，以及NbS指南草案
本文对私人提供公共产品的文献作了三点贡献。首先，我们确定了频繁使用的规范测试的局限性，该测试根据挤出的程度来区分纯粹利他主义和不纯利他主义的标准模型。虽然文献认为，与纯粹的利他主义相比，不纯利他主义的挤出应该更少，但我们表明，总的来说，挤出可以更多也可以更少。其次，我们提出了一个更普遍的测试，基于拥挤的存在，而不是拥挤的程度。第三，我们提供了经验证据。使用一组关于美国国家公园志愿服务的独特面板数据，我们估计了公园内公共资金变化对公园内志愿服务数量的因果影响。总体发现，每增加一美元的公共支出，平均就会产生价值27美分的志愿服务。我们展示了拥挤的估计，以及基于公园和志愿者时间类型的异质性，在理论上是如何与不纯利他主义的主流模型一致的。
