In this report, the authors examine the issue of space traffic management (STM) and the significant challenge that it poses to spacefaring nations, operators, stakeholders, and all who rely on critical space services and benefits. The ability to maneuver safely in space is at significant risk from increasing levels of space debris and increasing satellite congestion. These risks compound existing spectrum limits for satellite communications and decrease the number of orbits into which satellites and other objects can be placed. STM is essential to avoid interference and collision. Yet the international community lacks both an agreed-upon STM governance framework and a dedicated coordination mechanism to resolve these risks and limitations. In this report, the authors examine the treaty-based governance systems from both the air and maritime domains as potential models for space and offer key insights from each that may serve as building blocks for an international STM system.
Millions of Americans woke up Wednesday morning to find out they weren't going anywhere. Around 6:30 a.m., the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) announced that its Notice to Air Missions (NOTAM) system had failed. By 9 a.m. the ground stop was lifted, but the damage was already done. Thousands of flights were It appears that the NOTAM outage was the result of a system failure, but the nation's critical infrastructure faces a range of threats—everything from Russian hackers, to weather events, to angry individuals with guns. So, the failure and subsequent air travel chaos brought on by this latest cyber failure could serve as a real-life demonstration of what might happen if risks to critical infrastructure systems are left unaddressed. It is too early to know the exact causes and consequences of the NOTAM failure, but two things are clear: It was bad, and it could have been worse.
这份报告是兰德公司团队研究商业航空旅行在冠状病毒病2019(新冠肺炎)大流行中所扮演角色的几份报告之一,在报告中,我们使用新冠肺炎空中交通可视化(CAT-V)工具来估计通过商业航空旅行传播新冠肺炎的时间开始在全球迅速加速。该工具结合了约翰·霍普金斯大学的每日新冠肺炎案例数据和国际航空运输协会的详细航空旅行数据,包括旅行者的原籍国和目的地国。使用CAT-V工具,我们估计了在2020年3月11日世界卫生组织宣布世界正在经历一场大流行之前,国际航空乘客通过新冠肺炎在全球传播的情况。大流行的定义是“一种新疾病的全球传播”。我们的估计表明,这种疾病的“全球传播”在世卫组织宣布之前几周就已经发生了。
空域现代化、认证要求以及最低飞机能力和设备标准的法律授权旨在提高空中交通的效率和安全性,特别是在世界上最繁忙的空域内。强制令推动了技术和运营标准的变化,但也可能拒绝违规飞机进入高级高度、航线,甚至机场。飞机现代化确保了持续获得燃油高效的巡航高度和拥堵的空域,但这些未来的好处需要对航空电子升级计划进行前期投资。在财政受限的环境中,此类决策必须考虑到升级将避免的可量化的未来成本,并与现代化成本进行权衡。在2009年兰德公司研究美国空军KC-10空中加油机现代化成本效益的基础上,本研究将分析扩展到C-5、C-17、C-130和KC-135机队,评估了这些飞机现代化的成本效益,以满足即将到来的通信、导航和监视/空中交通管理任务。研究发现,总体而言,空军在一些地区运营这些飞机,在这些地区,如果不进行现代化,未来的一些重要任务将无法完成,但升级的成本效益在很大程度上取决于燃料价格和每种机型执行任务的特点
美国空军的KC-10空中加油机队已经服役25年,没有进行重大的航空电子升级。如果没有现代化,KC-10将不符合即将出台的空中交通法规,该法规规定了在某些地区和高度飞行的飞机的最低通信、导航和监视能力。第一批授权将于2015年生效,其他授权计划于2018年和2025年生效。失去最佳空域和航线将增加成本,并降低KC-10的战时效能,因为它使飞机无法在民用航空交通系统中飞行最省油的高度和航线,并导致地面和空中延误。对KC-10现代化成本效益的详细分析表明,总体而言,升级将避免净成本。评估考虑了不同的燃料成本和非燃料项目的成本增长,以及不遵守规定的成本,如避开限制区域和海拔高度。研究结果表明,即使在最坏的成本情况下,KC-10机队现代化带来的节约也将远远超过2045年退役前的升级成本